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| There are 119 entries in the glossary. |
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| Assay | A technique (test) for measuring a biological response or for determining characteristics such as composition, purity, activity, and weight. |
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| Assimilation | The formation of cellular material utilizing small food molecules and energy |
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| At Rest | HVAC room condition when unmanned, and without machinery operating. Previously called "static condition". |
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| Atmospheric Tank (Fire Code) | A storage tank designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5 pounds per square inch (psig) (3.4 kPa). |
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| Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | A highly sensitive instrumental technique for identifying and measuring metals in water. |
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| Audit Comment | A feature of the audit trail that aids both originator and reviewer in understanding why the originator performed a specific action. CFR 21 Part 11 does not require entering the reason for a record change, but some predicate rules (such as GLPs) do expect an explanation. It is important that the user interface for entering audit comments prevents users from changing the audit trail itself |
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| Audit Trail | A computer-generated and time-stamped record of who did what, when. CFR 21 Part 11 requires audit trails to be generated independently of operators. An audit trail must capture all activities related to creating, modifying, and destroying records on a system. |
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| Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) | An alternative surface analysis that can detect all elements with an atomic number greater than that of helium with the additional ability to analyze sub micron-diameter features. It is not as quantitative as ESCA and cannot determine the chemical state of an element. The primary advantage of Auger is that when combined with etching, a chemical depth profile can be measured rapidly and can image the distribution on the surface of spatial limitation resolution of 100 to 1,000 angstroms (depending on the equipment capability). |
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| Austenite | A face-centered cubic crystal with high solubility for carbon (about 2%); an allotropic form of iron resulting from steel being heated above the transformation temperature. |
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| Autegoneous Weld | A weld made by fusion of the base material without the addition of filler. |
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| Authentication | The process of identifying a person, system, or company sufficiently to allow access to a system or part of a system. |
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| Authentication Mechanisms | Also known as authority checks, or authorized signers are mechanisms distinct from authorization that grants or denies access to a network resource, authentication programs are used by system administrators to establish and verify as conclusively as possible that a person logging in to the network is who he or she claims to be. FDA says that "authority checks" are to "ensure that only authorized individuals can use the system, electronically sign a record, access the operation or computer system, input or output device, alter a record, or perform operations". |
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| Auto Immune Disease | A disease in which the body produces an immunogenic response against self-antigens. In some cases, predominantly one organ is affected (e.g. hemolytic anemia and chronic thyroiditis); in others, the disease process is diffused through many tissues (e.g. SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosis)). |
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| Autoclave | An apparatus into which moist heat (steam) under pressure is introduced to sterilize or decontaminate materials placed within (e.g. filter assemblies, glassware, etc.). Steam pressure is maintained for pre-specified times and then allowed to exhaust. There are two types of autoclaves:
1. Gravity displacement autoclave: this type of autoclave operates at 121ºC. Steam enters at the top of the loaded inner chamber, displacing the air below through a discharge outlet.
2. Vacuum autoclave: this type of autoclave can operate with a reduced sterilization cycle time. The air is pumped out of the loaded chamber before it is filled with steam. |
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| Automated System | Any facility system or piece of equipment that is controlled with limited or no manual intervention. |
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| Automatic Welding | Welding with equipment that performs the welding operation without adjustment of the controls by a welding operator. The equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work. |
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| Autoradiography | A technique that uses X-ray film to visualize radioactively labeled molecules or fragments of molecules; used in analyzing length and number of DNA fragments after they are separated by gel electrophoresis. |
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| Autosome | A chromosome not involved in sex determination. The diploid human genome consists of 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. |
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| Autotrophs | One of two categories in which microorganisms are classified on the basis of their carbon source. Autotrophs use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. |
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Glossary V2.0 |
